8. Information about your breast:
7. Mammogram:
A mammogram is an X-ray test of the breasts (mammary glands) used to screen for breast problems, such as a lump, and whether a lump is fluid-filled (a cyst) or a solid mass.
A mammogram is done to help screen for or detect breast cancer. Many small tumors can be seen on a mammogram before they can be felt by a woman or her health professional. Cancer is most easily treated and cured when it is discovered in an early stage. Mammograms do not prevent breast cancer or reduce a woman’s risk of developing cancer. But regular mammograms can reduce a woman’s risk of dying from breast cancer by detecting a cancer when it is more easily treated.
Experts have different recommendations for how often you should have a mammogram.
- For women older than age 50, regular mammograms (every 1 to 2 years) are recommended.
- For women between the ages of 40 and 50, the benefits of mammogram are not as clear. Talk with your health professional to determine when to start and how often to have a mammogram. Some organizations recommend mammograms every 1 to 2 years while others recommend mammograms every year. Most organizations recommend that women have their first mammogram at age 40.
- Your health professional may recommend testing more often if you have risk factors for breast cancer. Any woman with a personal or family history of breast cancer is recommended to have yearly mammograms.
A mammogram that appears to detect a cancer, when in fact a cancer is not present (false-positive results), can occur at any age but is more likely to occur in younger women. About 5% to 10% of screening mammograms will require more testing. This may include another mammogram of specific breast tissue (compression view) or another test, such as an ultrasound or biopsy. Most of these tests will show no cancer is present.
6. Breast Self-Exam:
5. Breast Self-Exam:
A breast self-exam (BSE) is a simple procedure to help you detect breast lumps. It is a good way for you to learn what your breasts normally look and feel like. When you know what is normal for you, you’re better able to notice changes and know when to get help early instead of waiting for your next checkup. A breast self-exam is a tool that you can use on a regular basis, but it is not a substitute for a mammogram or a clinical breast exam. This is because large studies have shown that, on average, BSE alone does not lead to earlier diagnosis. Nor does it reduce the number of deaths from breast cancer.
Step One: Lying Down
Feel for a hard lump, thickening or any change in your breast tissue.
- Lie down on your back with a pillow under your right shoulder
- Use the pads of the three middle fingers on your left hand to examine your right breast
- Press using light, medium and firm pressure in a circular motion
- Follow an up and down pattern
- Feel for changes in your breast, above and below your collarbone and in your armpit area
- Repeat on your left breast
The steps may be repeated while bathing or showering using soapy hands.
Step Two: In Front of the Mirror
Look for changes in the shape, size or appearance of your breasts. Look for dimpling, rash or puckering of the skin or nipple, nipple discharge or any change from normal. Inspect your breasts in four steps:
- Holding arms at sides
- Holding arms overhead
- Pressing hands on hips to tighten chest muscles
- Bending forward with hands on hips
4. Consult a doctor as soon as possible if you notice any of these changes:
3. Causes:
The exact cause of breast cancer is not known. Female hormones and increasing age play a part. The chances that you will develop breast cancer increase as you age. In the United States, about 1 in every 8 women who live to be 80 will have been diagnosed with breast cancer at some point in her life.
Family history also plays a role in the development of breast cancer. You are more likely to have breast cancer if your mother, father, or sister has breast cancer. Also, women who carry certain genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 are more likely to have breast cancer. If you have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, you may want to be tested for these genes. People who inherit specific changes, or mutations, in one or both of these genes have a greater risk of developing breast cancer.
Studies show that menopausal women who take hormone therapy with estrogen and progestin have an increased risk of breast cancer. Women who take estrogen alone may have a slightly increased risk.
Many people believe that only women have breast cancer. But, although rare, about 1% of all breast cancer occurs in men. Most men who have breast cancer are older than 65, but it can appear in younger men. For this reason, any breast lump in an adult man is considered abnormal.
2. What are the symptoms?
The first sign of breast cancer is often a painless lump. But early breast cancer is often found on a mammogram before a lump can be felt.
Other symptoms of breast cancer may not appear until the cancer is more advanced. These include:
- A thickening in the breast or armpit.
- A change in the size or shape of the breast.
- Changes in the skin of the breast, such as a dimple or skin that looks like an orange peel.
- A change in the nipple, such as scaling of the skin or a nipple that turns in.
- A green or bloody fluid that comes from the nipple.
- A change in the color or feel of the skin around the nipple (areola).
About 1% of breast cancer occurs in men. Although most men diagnosed with breast cancer are older than 65, the disease can appear in younger men. For this reason, any breast lump in an adult male is considered abnormal.
Inflammatory breast cancer is a specific type of breast cancer that involves the skin of the breast. It occurs when breast cancer cells form “nests” and block the lymphatic drainage from the skin of the breast. Symptoms include redness, tenderness, and warmth. Thickening of the skin of the breast (an orange-peel appearance), rapid breast enlargement, and ridging of the skin of the breast may also be present. Some women may also develop a lump in the breast. For more information, see the topic Inflammatory Breast Cancer.
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